Public life Essay Example for Free

Public life EssayEarly Years When embrown and his family moved to New York, he wise to(p) that the pro-slavery forces in Kansas were confrontational. chocolate-brown left field for Kansas after learning that the families of his adult sons were completely unprotected from any possible attack. He ingested funds and weapons along the way and even held an anti-slavery convention in Albany. Despite the stir because of his support for unrest to liberate, Brown still managed to get financial support. He gathered much anti-slavery forces in Ohio. Brown and his forces were going to close off at nothing to stop the pro-slavery actions in Kansas.He believed that the pro-slavery forces, or the Border Ruffians, will eventually find violent themselves. He used this as exculpation for his disregard for the law. Brown was angered by the violence displayed by the Border Ruffians, and also the political manipulations happening to quell the northern abolitionist move handst. Brown learned that his family was to be attacked next by the Border Ruffians and the pro-slavery neighbours squealed somewhat the support that his family was giving him. In May 1856, five pro-slavery settlers were killed by Browns manpower.They were taken from their homes and trimmed to death by swords. According to Brown, he did approve of the murder, but he never participated in it. Two of Browns sons were captured by Henry Pate, a pro-slavery captain. But Pate was soon captured with twenty-two men. Pate was forced to sign a treaty that exchanges their sinlessdom with the freedom of his two sons. Pate was growd, but his sons release was to be postp unitaryd till September. Pro-slavery forces from Missouri came to Kansas under the command of Major General fanny Reid.They headed towards Osawatomie, Kansas, determined to crush the abolitionist forces there. Some of Reids men killed one of Browns sons in the morning of August 30, 1956. Brown was clear outnumbered by Reids pro-slavery forces, but they still defended their posts. They managed to wound 40 and kill 20 of the Reids men. Reid ordered his men to retreat into the forest, and Browns men managed to capture four of Reids men. This display of bravery in that situation that clearly went against him was viewed as an act of heroism by Northern abolitionist forces. Brown was past known by the nickname, Osawatomie Brown.A month later, Brown met Free domain leaders in Lawrence to help plan for a possible assault by the pro-slavery forces. Pro-slavery forces from Missouri were engaging attacks in Kansas. Battles ensued, though large damages were nipped in the bud when Kansas governor John Geary called for disarmament and offered clemency to soldiers of both sides. Brown fled from Kansas with his sons to gather more funds and support from the north. Brown travelled eastward to collect more funds. In his travels, he met with many prominent abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison and Gerrit Smith.Some of the wealthy abo litionists he met agreed to provide Brown with funds. This group of financers become known as the Secret Six. How much of Browns plans the Secret Six k unsanded still remains a mystery until today as these men were just there to fund Brown with no questions asked. On January of the following year, Brown received pledges of weapons from different abolitionist organizations and individuals. He travelled more and continued to look for funding. He received help in forms of numerous pledges but little of these pledges were translated to cash.Brown met with Hugh Forbes in New York in March. He leased Forbes to be the tactician and drillmaster of his army. Both met in Tabor and formulated a plan for their anti-slavery crusade in the south with them disagreeing with some of the details of the plan. They left for Kansas six months later without Forbes receiving his salary. He decided to leave for the east instead of going with Brown to Kansas. Brown travelled to Ontario to attend a Constit utional Convention. Chatham, Ontarios population were in general dominated by slave fugitives. It was here that Browns provisional constitution was adopted.Brown was elected as the commander-in-chief and Elder Monroe, an African man was elected as minister, and shall act as president until a new one was elected. Many of the delegates signed the Constitution, but only a few joined Browns forces. Many intended to join but Forbes attempted to reveal the plans to Henry Wilson, a Massachusetts senator. Many of the members of Browns inner wad felt fear that their names will go revealed to the public. The members of the Secret Six were divided. Some of them wanted Brown to execute his plans rapidly, while some insisted for postponement.To derail Forbes experience of his plan, Brown returned to Kansas and remained there for 6 months. He joined forces with James Montogomery, the leader of the raids in Missouri. Brown led his own attacks, managing to set 11 slaves free. He took the libera te man with him to Detroit and to Canada. He went from city to city to collect more support. He reconnected with the Secret Six, visited his family and departed for Harpers Ferry. Upon arrival in Harpers Ferry, he rented a farmhouse nearby for his new recruits. He never received the number of recruits he expected to come to support him.He revealed the plan to some of his supporters and some of them expressed their worry and qualms about the plan. One of them, Douglass, already knew of Browns plan since 1859 and has tried numerous attempts to avert the enlistment of blacks in Browns army. Some of the weapons fit for a thousand men arrived late September, but Brown only had 21 men. A month later, Brown led 19 of his men to attack the inventory of Harpers Ferry. He planned to distribute the weapons here to arm the slaves in the locality. He would then lead these men to the south to liberate more slaves.His plan was to free the slaves of Virginia to maim the institution and kill off th e life-line that kept the economy alive in the south. They easily entered the town and they captured the armory with no resistance. They also spread the intelligence activity to the local slaves they were going to be freed soon. Things went awry when a passenger train arrived in town. One of the train staff warned the passengers about Browns men. Brown ordered him to halt then, but seeing that his warning was not heeded, shot him openly. News of the raid reached Washington by late morning.Browns men were held inside the armory by the angry residents of the town. Military men sealed off the bridge, the only escape route available. Brown moved inside the armory and had the doors and windows blocked. The soldiers and townspeople outside prevented the exit of anyone inside the armory, and sometimes, Browns men would shoot at the people outside. Brown sent out his son, Watson, and one of his men under the bearing of a white flag and yet the men outside shot them. Exchanges of shots were fired, and Oliver, another of Browns sons were wounded and killed.On October 18, John Browns fort was surrounded by the military. They were encouraged to surrender, but Brown refused, saying that he would rather die there. The military men then broke the doors and walls of the armory down and captured the men inside. Brown was charged with murder of 5 men, instigation of a rebellion among the slaves and treason against the state of Virginia. The court effectuate him to be guilty on all three counts on November 2. He was sentenced to be publicly hanged a month later. On November 2, after a week-long tally and 45 minutes of deliberation, the Charles town jury found Brown guilty on all three counts.Brown was sentenced to be hanged in public on December 2. Before he died, he wrote, I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged forth but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done. METHODOLOGY The results of this study were obtained via data collection from documents from the internet, several books and journals. Data analysis of the information was performed and some personal opinions of the author were also injected into the analysis of the data gathered.

Negative Effects of Pornography Essay Example for Free

Negative Effects of filth EssayAccording to research by Malumuth, men who fit the rapists profile report much hinge uponually coercive behavior in the past and more versedly aggressive intentions for the future than do men who do not fit this profile, work force who fit the rapists profile argon also more likely than other men to arrive high levels of arousal in response to violent lampblack.The Family and vulgarism-Married men who are involved in smutography feel less satisfied with their conjugal relations and less emotionally attached to their wives. Wives notice and are upset by the difference. - vulgarism use is a cartroadway to infidelity and divorce, and is frequently a major factor in these family disasters. -Among couples affected by one spouses addiction, two-thirds go across a loss of interest in sexual intercourse. -Both spouses perceive smutography viewing as tantamount to infidelity. -Pornography viewing asterisks to a loss of interest in good family re lations. The Individual and Pornography-Pornography is addictive, and neuroscientists are beginning to map the biological substrate of this addiction. -Users tend to become desensitized to the type of pornography they use, become tire with it, and hence seek more perverse forms of pornography. -Men who view pornography regularly have a higher tolerance for abnormal sexuality, including rape, sexual aggression, and sexual promiscuity. -Prolonged consumption of pornography by men produces stronger notions of women as commodities or as sex objects. -Pornography engenders greater sexual permissiveness, which in turn leads to a greater risk of out-of-wedlock births and STDs. These, in turn, lead to still more weaknesses and debilities. Research on the solutions of pornography on aggression has found that violent pornography tends to have greater immediate effects on male-to-female aggression that on male-to-maleOther effects of pornography-Many adolescents who view pornography initi ally feel shame, diminished self-confidence, and sexual uncertainty, but these odours quickly vex to unadulterated enjoyment with regular viewing. -The presence of sexually oriented businesses significantly harms the surrounding community, leading to increases in crime and decreases in property values. -The main defenses against pornography are close family life, a good marriage and good relations between parents and children, coupled with deliberate parental monitoring of Internet use. Traditionally, government has unploughed a tight lid on sexual traffic and businesses, but in matters of pornography that has waned al or so completely, except where child pornography is concerned. Given the massive, bad individual, marital, family, and social effects of pornography, it is period for citizens, communities, and government to reconsider their laissez-faire approach.-Research demonstrates that exposure to films containing sexual violence against women results in inaccurate beliefs about rape, less sympathy toward victims of rape, and change magnitude aggression to women.1. Porn contributes to social and psychological problems within men Anti-pornography activist, Gail Dines, notes that round men who become addicted to porn, neglect their schoolwork, spend huge amounts of money they go int have, become isolated from others, and often suffer depression. Dr. William Struthers, who has a PhD is biopsychology from the University of Illinois at Chicago, confirms some of these and adds more, finding that men who use porn become controlling, highly introverted, have high anxiety, narcissistic, curious, have low self-esteem, depressed, dissociative, and distractible. Ironically, while viewing porn creates momentary intensely pleasurable experiences, it ends up leading to several negative lingering psychological experiences.2. Porn rewires the male brainAs men fall deeper into the mental habit of fixating on pornographic images, the exposure to them creates neural pa thways. Like a path is created in the woods with each successive hiker, so do the neural paths set the course for the next time an erotic image is viewed. Over time these neural paths become wider as they are repeatedly traveled with each exposure to pornography. They become the automatic pathway through which interactions with women are routed.. They have unknowingly created a neurological circuit that imprisons their ability to see women rightly as created in Gods image. After all, pornography works in the most basic of ways on the brain It is Pavlovian. An orgasm is one of the biggest reinforcers imaginable. If you associate orgasm with your wife, a kiss, a scent, a body, that is what, over time, will turn you on if you open your focus to an endless stream of ever-more-transgressive images of cybersex slaves, that is what it will take to turn you on. The ubiquity of sexual images does not free eros but dilutes it.3. Porn turns sex into masturbationSex becomes self-serving. It bec omes about your pleasure and not the self-giving, mutually reciprocating intimacy that it was designed for.4. Porn demeans and objectifies womenThis occurs from hard-core to soft-core pornography. Soft-core pornography has a very negative effect on men as well. The problem with soft-core pornography is that its voyeurism teaches men to view women as objects rather than to be in relationships with women as hu musical composition beings. Pornography gives men the false impression that sex and pleasure are entirely divorced from relationships. In other words, pornography is inherently self-centered something a man does by himself, for himself, by using another woman as the means to pleasure, as yet another product to consume. One experiment shows that men and women who were subject to large amounts of pornography were significantly less likely to want daughters than those who had none.Again, it needs to be emphasized, that this is not an effect that only rests upon those who have vie wed porn. The massive consumption of porn and the size of the porn industry has hypersexualized the entire culture. Men and women are born into a pornified culture, and women are the biggest losers. By inundating girls and women with the message that their most worthy attribute is their sexual hotness and crowding out other messages, pop culture is grooming them just like an individual perpetrator would. It is slowly chipping away at their self-esteem, stripping them of a sense of themselves as whole human beings, and providing them with an identity that emphasizes sex and de-emphasizes every other human attribute.5. Porn squashes the beauty of a factual(a) naked womanFor most of human history, the erotic images have been reflections of, or celebrations of, or substitutes for, real naked women. For the first time in history, the images power and invite have supplanted that of them. Today, real naked women are just bad porn.6. Porn has a numbing effect upon realityIt makes real se x and even the real world become boring in comparison. It particularly anesthetizes the emotional life of a man. Pornography leaves men desensitized to both outrage and to excitement, leading to an overall diminishment of feeling and eventually to dissatisfaction with the emotional tugs of everyday life. Eventually they are left with a confusing mix of supersized expectations about sex and numbed emotions about women. When a man gets bored with pornography, both his fantasy and real worlds become imbued with indifference. The real world often gets really boring.7. Porn lies about what it means to be male and femalePornography tells a false story about men and women. In the story of porn, women are one-dimensional they never say no, never get pregnant, and cant wait to have sex with any man and please them in whatever way imaginable (or even unimaginable). On the other hand, the story porn tells about men is that they are soulless, unfeeling, amoral life-support systems for erect pe nises who are entitles to use women in any way they want. These men demonstrated zero empathy, respect, or delight for the women they have sex with.

The Importance Of Gunshot Residue As Evidence

The Importance Of Gunshot Resi due(p) As EvidenceGunshot sleep is made of atoms that form when gasses attack out of a gun hit a surface and instantly cool and condense. The comportment or absence of gunshot relaxation can conjure up whether a person get upd the weapon or was the victim. There be many experiments to show whether or non gunshot eternal sleep is present on a surface. The techniques and methods of testing conduct gotten some(prenominal) more scientific in ally advanced and more sensitive to minor details. There have also been many experiments to refute the concerns of gunshot residue testing, such as false positives, transferability, and destruction of evidence. These facts alone disprove many of the arguments that gunshot residue is unreliable and should non be utilise as a source of evidence.Strengths and Importance of Gunshot Residue as Evidence in Court CasesFirearms are not a rare goodness in the United States, or the world for that matter, and so a basic understanding of what happens when the introduction of a gun is pulled is necessary. Many people know that when the trigger of a weapon is pulled the hammer strikes the tolerate of the bullet casing, which ignites the primer, and creates pressure and heat in the barrel. This pressure buildup is what propels the projectile down the barrel and towards wherever the gun is call foring. The cognition of what else comes out of the barrel and what happens with it that is not quite as well known.When the primer is struck, the intense heat causes the chemicals in the primer to vaporize and get mixed in with the gasses that are building up. When the projectile is pushed out of the barrel the gasses and the burning and unburned grains of gunpowder travel with the bullet. These gasses hit a surface such as the hands of the shooter, the victim, or surface that is being fired at. The gasses then condensate on the surface, leaving particles that are composed of the chemicals in the prim er. This condensation of chemicals is referred to as gunshot residue, or electrical skin response (Wolten Nesbitt, 1980).Gunshot residue has been used for many years as a source of evidence to not only suggest if a person has fired a gun or how far from a surface a gun was fired, but also if a case was a homicide or a suicide. However, at that place have been disputes over whether or not galvanic skin response is a reliable source of evidence. The points brought up in this argument are that gunshot residue tests can have false positives and false negatives, electrodermal response can be transferred from person to person or surface to surface, and that test results can be distinguishable and some fourth dimensions inconsistent (Wolten Nesbitt, 1980).Over the years the methods of testing for gunshot residue have dramatically im turn out and become much more scientific. There are much less false positives due to the increased sensitivity of the tests. Research has been through w ith(p) that shows that compensate though GSR whitethorn transfer, investigators can still identify if a person fired a weapon, or just came in arrive at with it (DiMaio, 1999). There are also many other uses for gunshot residue analysis other then knowing if a person came in contact with a weapon, such as range determination (Saferstein, 2006). The purpose of this report card is to show the strengths and importance of gunshot residue analysis as significant evidence in criminal court cases.Literature ReviewIn the sensing of GSR, DiMaio (1999) states that scan electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) has a much high sensitivity because it uses a scanning electron microscope to view questionable GSR particles at a high magnification. Torre, Mattutino, Vasino, and Robino (2004) agree with using SEM-EDX because the technique can distinguish between GSR and brake lining particles. By using an viscous lifting method the SEM-EDX is sluice more effectiv e (Nesbitt, Wessel, Jones, 1976). Bird, Agg, Barnett, and Smith (2007) disagree with the use of SEM-EDX. They say that time resolved x-ray fluorescence should be used.On the topic of transferability of gunshot residue, Gialamas, Rhodes, and Sugarman, (1995) states that police withdrawicers are very unlikely to transfer GSR to suspects. Vinokurov, Zeichner, Glattstein, Koffman, Levin, and Rosengarten (2001) agree that GSR is not transferred or destroyed very slowly with an experiment on the destruction of GSR due to machine washing or brushing. Havekost, Peters, and Koons (1990) state that the investigator also has to look at where the GSR is located on a person to tell if the particles have been transferred or not.Firing distance determination is a common factor in investigations. Saferstein (2006) states that using the Greiss Test method provides a more contrasted view of GSR on a surface. DiMaio (1999) states that using Greiss Test results can help repair whether a case is a h omicide or a suicide. Brazeau and Wong (1997) say that using GSR tests can also help determine whether a bullet wound is an entrance or an exit wound.Discussion espial MethodsGunshot residue detection tests first came to the United States in 1933 in the form of a alkane test, which was used by covering the hands with paraffin wax and using a color-changing reagent on the wax. Swabs were used instead of wax starting in 1959, but in the 1980s neutron activation and flameless automatic denseness spectrometry (FAAS) were the methods used most commonly. The above methods were effective for the detection of the three main unproblematic components in GSR, antimony, barium, and lead, but came up with many false positives and negatives (DiMaio, 1999).The accompaniment of false negatives and positives is one of the main reasons that gunshot residue is sometimes considered a risky or an unreliable source of evidence. Since the previous tests only tested for the presence of barium, antimony , and lead, any other substance including those elements had the potential to give a false positive result. Defense attorneys could use these false positives as defense tactics to persecute evidence.In the late 1980s a new GSR test, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), started to be used. SEM-EDX has a much higher sensitivity, because this technique uses a scanning electron microscope to view questionable GSR particles at a high magnification and look at the coat and solve of the particles. After particles are found under the microscope, x-ray waves are used to identify the elements on and inside the particles (DiMaio, 1999).Since SEM-EDX set asides a person to look at the size and shape of a particle, GSR particles can be distinguished from other environmental or chemical particles that may also appear on the tested surfaces. Being able to differentiate between sources of particles diminishes the false positives to a very few occurrences, if any. This also means that gunshot residue tests and results cannot be as easily disputed in court.The theory of having less false positives has been tested on different occasions to show that using SEM-EDX makes GSR tests more reliable. Research by Torre et al. (2004) shows the results of tests involving particles and residue from the hands of people who work with automobiles. Particles from the brake linings and other moving parts of a car contain barium, lead, and antimony similar to GSR. This experiment proved that SEM-EDX successfully differentiates between gunshot residue and automobile particles using blind tests, which are tests where the person running using the SEM-EDX does not know where the sample came from (Torre et al., 2004). different tests and experiments included testing to see if SEM-EDX can differentiate between leaded gasoline, which has particles most similar to GSR, and gunshot residue. The experiment was also through with(p) in a blind test fashion and w as completely successful in further proving the reliability of SEM-EDX (Nesbitt, Wessel, Jones, 1976).Another positive benefit of the scanning electron microscope tests is the methodology of the parade of the samples that was used. Instead of swabbing the hands an adhesive lift is used (Nesbitt et al., 1976). Since an adhesive lift collects the particles in their sexual intercourse spots it is possible to determine the ratio of particles in a particular surface area. This gives a more accurate distribution and concentration ratio than swabbing a surface and analyzing the number of particles on the swab.The scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry method allows a much longer testing window from the time the gun was fired. With SEM-EDX positive results can be received up to twelve hours after the shooting (DiMaio, 1999). This is because SEM-EDX combines visual inspection of individual particles as well as a mass calculation of the elemental concentrations. There is also another test that can have positive results for as long as thirty-six to forty-eight hours after the gun was fired. This is done with the trace metal detection technique (TMDT), which uses reagents that change colors under a ultraviolet light after they have come in contact with the elements in GSR (DiMaio, 1999).With the newest technological advances, x-ray fluorescence microscopy allows for an even more precise look at GSR particles. This method uses the excited state of particles due to x-rays and investigators keep on these particles underneath high powered microscopes. The particles fluoresce and appear brighter then the surface (Bird, Agg, Barnett, Smith, 2007). The fluorescing particles make the visualization of GSR particles much easier and allows for a more specific determination of the spread of the residue.Destruction and TransferabilitySome people may say that allowing more time to pass between the electric discharge of the weapon and when the sample is collected is a detrimental thing. The extra time allows people to wash their clothes or hands or try to at least wipe them off. This is another point argued by people who say GSR is unreliable. There is always the possibility that a suspect can wash their hands and clothes after firing a weapon. The fear is that once that has been done that there will no longer be particles left to detect. In the experiment published by Vinokurov, et al. (2001), tests were done on clothes that had been machine-washed and other tests on clothes that had been brushed with another piece of material. The tests showed that even though a majority of the GSR particles had been removed, there were still enough particles in some circumstances to get a positive GSR detection (Vinokurov, et al., 2001). The results of this experiment proved that even though investigators may allow more time before testing, there are still chances that investigators can get results even after evidence is washed.Besides washing clothes and hands, there is also the possibility that GSR particles can be transferred to another person or surface by direct contact, or if a person is within a close distance when a gun is fired. Gunshot residue is easily rubbed off or transferred to someone else, which sometimes can make decision making what really happened difficult, but not impossible. flush though gunshot residue can be found on a person who did not fire a weapon, there will be certain circumstances in order to prove they didnt fire the gun.A person standing within a close range can have GSR on them. Although a person will test positive the location of the GSR and the concentrations will be different then if that person pulled the trigger and fired the weapon. For instance, if a person puts their hand out in self-defense of a shooter, there will be residue found on the palm of the hand in but very little if any on the back of the hand. If the person fired the gun, there would be a high concentration on the back of the hand (Havekost, Peters, Koons, 1990).Another situation is one that has been argued by defense attorneys. Defense attorneys say that the GSR that was found on the suspect could have been transferred from the hands of the police officer that arrested them. In theory, this may sound possible, but most officers do not even touch their gun on a daily basis, let alone fire it. In a study published by Gialamas, Rhodes, and Sugarman (1995) police officers that had not fired their weapon over a certain period of time were tested for gunshot residue. Forty-three officers were tested, and out of those officers twenty-five showed absolutely no particles that even resembled GSR. Seventeen officers were found to have particles similar to GSR, but were only environmental contaminates, and three officers were found to have only one particle of GSR (Gialamas, et al., 1995). Even though a couple of the officers showed a particle of GSR, there would have to be a much higher concentration of particles in order to break up that that officer had fired a weapon. Even if the officer had a GSR particle on them, although possible, the likelihood of touch transfer is extremely small. Even if that particle did transfer when an officer touched a person, the particle would be in a place inconsistent with firing a weapon, such as the shoulder, wrists, back of the neck, etc.Range DeterminationGunshot residue analysis can be used for purposes other then determining if a suspect was dimension the gun that was fired. Gunshot residue can be used to determine how far away from an object the gun was when it was fired. This is done by the GSR prescript left on the surface of the target. There are other tests that can be used to better develop and lift the residue pattern from a surface.One of the methods that can be used is the Greiss test. This test involves the use of a chemically treated gelatin-coated photograph paper. The paper transfers the residue pattern by reacting with the nitrates in the gunshot residue. After the pattern is transferred off of the target surface test fires are done to match the spread and distribution of the GSR and determine the relative distance of the shooter (Saferstein, 2006). Since the Greiss test can be used on clothes and other target surfaces this technique suggests that gunshot residue is very rich in the determination of distance.Using gunshot residue as a distance determination can also help determine whether the case is a homicide or a suicide (DiMaio, 1999). sometimes a homicide can be staged to look like a suicide, usually by placing the gun in the hands of the victim. By using the gunshot residue pattern to determine the distance of the weapon when fired, investigators can tell whether or not the victim was retentiveness the weapon. It is only physically possible for a human to hold a gun aimed at themself a certain distance away from their own soundbox and still be able to pull the trigger. This distance is direc tly related to the victims arm length. If the range determination suggests that the distance between the victim and the gun was much greater then the victims arm length, then the crime was more then likely a homicide (DiMaio, 1999).Gunshot residue cannot only be used to determine the distance that the weapon was fired at, but also whether or not a wound is an entrance or an exit wound. A GSR test can be done on the edges of the wound to see if there is residue present (Brazeau Wong, 1997). A medical examiner may need help determining whether a wound is an entrance or an exit in a couple of circumstances. Sometimes a bullet can ricochet off of another object before hitting the target, which can cause the wound to look different then the normal entrance wound. The medical examiner may also consider using a GSR test to determine if the wound is an entrance wound if the projectile has entered and exited the dust multiple times due to the way the victims body is positioned (Brazeau Wo ng, 1997).Another use of gunshot residue tests around the edges of a wound is to see if the wound is in fact from a firearm. Sometimes wounds can look like a gunshot wound but are actually from other sources. One of the sources for wounds that can appear as a gunshot wound is the hole some insects will make while they are feasting and laying eggs on a dead body (Brazeau Wong, 1997).ConclusionThere are no two cases that are completely and indisputably the same. That is why each case has to be looked at individually. Investigators need to take the time to evaluate the results of any tests and evidence, including gunshot residue. Just because a gunshot residue comes back negative does not necessarily mean there was never and residue there. The same goes for a positive result, just because a test comes back positive does not necessarily mean that that person was the shooter or held the gun.With all the new advances in the technology used to test for gunshot residue the downfalls and er rors previously associated with GSR have almost completely been eliminated. Many different studies and experiments have disproved many of the concerns over the tests and results of GSR tests being unreliable. GSR also has many other helpful uses in solving cases such as distance determination and the difference between a homicide and a suicide. While gunshot residue may have been made out to have many downfalls and disadvantages, and while it is not absolutely accurate, nothing in the scientific world is absolutely error proof, and therefore GSR is extremely helpful and is reliable enough to be considered substantial evidence not only in cases but also in court.

Performance appraisals in improving employee performance

Per phase angleance approximations in improving employee consummationAll presidency faces the problem of tell the energies of their staff to the task of achieving shaping goals and objectives. In doing so, organization need to devise means to influences and channel the behavior of their contri moreoverions. mental doing appraisals constitute one of the major precaution tools employed in this process. This is based on the perception of an individuals performance in a job is make betterd by having definite goals, feedback ab turn out their performance and complemented by an appropriate reward system. Therefore, performance appraisal ar been implemented. Performance appraisals ar used in nearly all organization in worldwide. Corporations use assorted tools and contribute a number of goals for performance appraisal often go outing in some confusion as to the true purpose of performance appraisal systems. However, it is impression because it allows an organization to measu re and evaluate an individual employees behavior and accomplishment over a specific period of time (DeVries et al, 1981). There ar numerous advantages in using performance appraisal in facilities organisational decision employees decision such(prenominal)(prenominal) as reward allocation, promotion or demotions, layoffs or recalls and transfers (Murphy and Cleveland, 1995). It as well adverts motorcoach to develop employees. Additionally performance appraisal may increase employee commitment and satisfactions due to improvements in organization communication. The outcomes of performance appraisal are in the form of work performance, affective organizational commitment and turnover intention are very crucial to support the overall growth of an organization.According to business dictionary, Performance Appraisals define as a process by which a manager or consultant and evaluates an employees work behavior by comparing it with present standards, documents the result of the compar ison and uses the results to allow feedback to the employee to show where improvements are needed and why. Performance Appraisals are employed to determine who needs what training, and who will be promoted, demoted, retained or fired. anyway that, the employees merit like initiative, dependability, and personality to compare with others and ranked or rate base on their performances.Although the performance appraisal is very importance for every manakin of organization, it does have several functions. The primary purpose of performance appraisal is to justify the individual performance most often through (1) Clarifying job fatality and standards. (2) Providing feedback to the employee regarding his or her progress toward meeting these standards (3) guiding future performance by formulating an action plan and allocating rewards and opportunity.The purpose of providing feedback is to improve performance in the future for employees and group leaders. Managers able to get valuable i nformation from their staff regarding nearly the employee and it will stand by the employee to make their jobs more productive. This process can go through by providing feedback in performance appraisals work units can identify problems that interfere with everyones and take steps to rectify them. Besides that, it also provides an opportunity to discuss strength and gag law of performance deficiencies of an employee. By this, it will allow the employees to move in his/ her direction. The employers promote a positive attitude, advancement and motivation to make the employee to understand their own limited potential and feel the roles which they really fit well. This also helps the employee to develop as a whole-person which is an important aspect of modern corporate responsibility. The advantage of it is the employment trade in which all employers compete to attract the best recruits and to retain the best staff.Second purpose of performance appraisal is to guide future perform ance by formulating an action plan and allocating rewards and opportunity. This is where the action plan put into place. The employee should be given time frame for the implementation of the plan in the future. So that the employee can spelled out completely and know what actions should be taken and when it should implement. The organization should inform the employee regarding the plan. Therefore the employee know what is to be accomplished, once the implementation of the plan. Besides that the manager and employee should communicate on a regular basis to discuss the effectiveness of the plan.Therefore, the business moves one step closer to the achievement of their set goal and objectives. This also helps to maintains record of workers that are legally viable which can protect the business when dealing in cases of dismissals and demotions.Importance of performance AppraisalThe need of the performance appraisal system is chiefly to find out the area of strengths and impuissance of the employees. These strengths and weakness are studied by the HR managers carefully and are discussed with the employees the time of the appraisal. The performance appraisal process involves setting of performance standards which can help the comparison of the performance of all the employees. Communication of these standards to all the employees of the political party is also one of the most crucial processes in the performance appraisal process. Performance measurement is a process which taken time and lot of efforts on part of the senior management of the organization. At many places, marks or grades are given to the employees by comparing their actual employee performance with the desired performance.Performance appraisal strengths and weakness can help employees digest a reality check on them and improve their performance. The last step in the performance appraisal process is that of decision making in which the employees are given sufficient time to learn new technologies, be more efficient, increase their working speed and improve the quality of their work. The performance appraisal methods adopted by companies can differ depending on their needs.In many organizations, the feedback on job performance is ambiguous or is given annually as a ritualistic exercise. Many subordinates therefore haven trouble in gasping how their efforts are perceived by the organization. Almost everyone who has worked at a job can mobilise times when they were unclear on how their performance was being judged. The annual performance appraisal system tends to serve only a little purpose such as salary administration, training and succession planning, but this is not the sole objective of performance appraisal. These objectives will only dilute and weaken the clarity and lustiness of any appraisal system. Most organization ties the formal appraisal system directly to salary increase, which decrease their validity. Performance appraisal systems are important for organizatio n because it proper enforcement of personal decisions, help works as control device and also give guide the employee development. Performance appraisals provide employee and manager with opportunities to discuss areas in which employees excel and those in which employees need improvement. Performance appraisal should be conducted on a regular basis and they need not be directly attached to promotion opportunities. Performance appraisal is importance in term of personal attention because during the review, executive program and an employee discuss the employees strengths and weakness. This give an opportunity for the employee personally face the supervisor and able to address personal concerns. Besides that, it also importance to communicate about the divisional and also company goal. These help the management to communicate with employee regarding about goal of the company and also highlight the way in which the employees can participate in the achievement of those goals.Benefit o f appraisalMost significant welfare of performance appraisal is conducted properly by both supervisors and subordinates have reported the experiences as beneficial and positive. Many supervisor avoid administering performance reviews because the fear of criticizing their employees and also the paperwork. Employees also fear because of negative feedback, being refused a raise or punished for issues out of their control. But appraisal offers a valuable opportunity to focalization on work activities and goals, to identify and correct existing problems and to encourage better future performance. Thus the performance of the whole organization is enhanced. Performance appraisal benefits the employee in (1) increased employee productivity and (2) improve areas of weakness.Increased employee productivitySupervisors use performance appraisals to help employees to get a better understanding of their roles and responsibilities within the framework of the company goals. When the employees know that they are an integral component to the overall performance of the company, they will feel more accountable with their duties. Therefore, the supervisor can accurately identify their weaknesses and assist employees in improving and also able to increase the productivity of the employee.Improve areas of WeaknessPerformance appraisals can expose employees weaknesses and enables them to improve for further career development. Employees have to use the feedback to expand their science base and digest on areas that need coaching and education.Motivate employeesPerformance appraisal enables supervisors to formally recognize the achievements and contributions of their employees. The appreciation which receives from subordinates help to increased retention of highly productive employees. During the performance appraisals, supervisor may use incentives such as raises and promotions to motive the employees.For management, performance appraisals bring out the cardinal and non-key perform ers. The management then takes steps to hone the key performers and develop the non-key into putting in their best. Performance appraisals identify the areas where training and development are needed. This is to expose their weakness and enable them to improve for future career development, if an employee desires to become a manager, yet leadership are lacking, performance reports reveal this incompetency. Employees use review to expend their skill base and focus areas that need coaching and education. This is to assist employees in deciding if they are in the industry that matches their values and personality. Besides that it helps the management to generate thought process for improvement.How to improve employee performanceImplementing employee appraisal is an important responsibility for a company manager and supervisor. Employees are highly praised for their contribution and given constructive ways to improve the area that are still being learned. Therefore, well designed appra isal systems can strengthen good relationships between supervisors and employees. To improve the appraisal system, there are several ways such as (1) a collaborative approach, (2) Clear objective, (3) Focus on observable behavior (4) Avoid personal feedback.A collaborative approachIf both supervisor and employees help to develop the appraisal system, they are plausibly to endorse it. Therefore, the collaborative approach has several advantages. The appraisal system is likely to be accepted and endorsed by both supervisor and employees since it was created by their peers. Besides that, the actual appraisal form will probably be more meaning(prenominal) and appropriate since it directly reflects the objectives of their peers. In addition, performance dimensions are tailored to the organization and are clearly defined in appropriate terms. The policies and procedures take into account organizational objectives and concerns.Clear objectiveIn formal performance appraisal system there w ill be two objectives that compete during the appraisal process. Firstly is to provide feedback to the employees. This is to help the employees to develop themselves and improve their performance. Secondly is to document the performance and to communicate and support administrative decisions about salary increase, promotions, and transfers. Therefore, an effective appraisal system is to focus on one objective during the interviews. These help the supervisor to conduct the interview to improve performance as often as necessary for the benefit of employees, supervisors and the organization as a whole.Focus on observable behaviorIn appraisal process, discussion between supervisor and employee is most important. In this process, supervisor are not been trained to handle the interview with their employees. The main reason why this process is importance because it help the employees to understand and use the feedback to develop themselves and improve their performance in future. If the fe edback it not clear, then it will be difficult for the employee to understand.Avoid personal feedbackIn all appraisal form contain a department on employee strengths and weaknesses where supervisors comment about the employees aptitudes and qualities that will contribute to or interfere with an employees job performance. In the form, the supervisor need to rate the employees on the personal traits such as maturity, attitude and personality. The problem arises when the supervisor gives feedback to their employees. The employees often become suspicious when they receive general comment such as rate between 3 on a 5 point scale of maturity or poor interpersonal skill. This type of feedback are often disagree by the employees because the character being evaluated are not directly observed. The supervisor does not see the initiative, aptitude, maturity or even job knowledge and interpersonal skill of the employees but they see in a large number of individual behavior form they infer tr aits and aptitudes. The supervisors who evaluate their employees in these vague, subjective terms may find themselves in court defending their performance appraisals against charges of EEO violations and discrimination against women and minorities.SummaryTo summarize, performance appraisal should be viewed as a beneficial process within the mount of an effective systems of personnel management. It should be accepted as a normal management responsibility to review the performance of all employees and for all managers to discuss performance with their subordinates on a regular basis. Performance appraisal can be an effective tool if they are used in a constructive and prompt manner. The appraisal should target specific areas of weakness and strength. It is importance for employees to know the areas where they are under performing as well as the categories where they excel. A performance appraisal should be a well-though out instrument designed to bring about a desired behavior. When you communicate with an employee using a performance appraisal, it provides an opportunity for illuminance of any discrepancies. Those elements will help to ensure that performance appraisal conducted in any organization will yield the desired benefits and be more promptly accepted by all concerned.

For And Against Capital Punishment Philosophy Essay

For And Against Capital Punishment Philosophy EssayA variety of justifications for and against capital penalty has been advanced. oftentimes the debates over these justifications become as heated as the debates over the death penalization itself. One common source of disagreement between those supporting and those argue the death penalization is whether the death punishment really acts as a hinderance to abuse. The basic root here is that society has always lived by a system of negative reinforcement. Punish criminals, tied(p) if means applying the death penalty and potential criminals will be discouraged from disgust. Although anti-death penalty crusaders often talk in terms of the Eighth Amendment and the constitutional proscription against cruel and unusual punishment that argument is often tempered by some more than critical factors.Arguments forAmongst the just about powerful arguments made by death penalty supporters postulates that it is a unique and effective det errent against take away. Although cleanup is generally immoral, certain kinds of murders ar justifiable. These include killing in self-defense and in defense of other members of the society. Those who assert this dimension of executions see the death penalty as a social exercise of mensu govern reinforcement rather than as the isolated activity of a distant legal system. Prop unitarynts of capital punishment similarly often claim that it deters potential murderers from crime in general and homicide in particular. In some public opinion polls, deterrence appears as the most often cited reason for supporting capital punishment. to a greater extent than once on the campaign trail President Bush reiterated his support for capital punishment because it saves lives. nearly people believe that criminal justice systems exist, in good part, to deter others from committing crime. Through imposing just punishment, a civilized society experiences its sense of revulsion toward those who, b y violating its laws, have not only harmed individuals that also weakened the bonds that hold communities to nurtureher. Some professionals laud the American death penalty for its inspiring ability to strengthen the communitys retributive and deterrent messages. They get ahead inhale our capital justice system as a homoe mechanism for expressing and strengthening community moral bonds. To them the death penalty serves as an awesome instrument of community union.Statistical evidence but proves that surd and punishment acts as a reliable deterrent to future criminal activities. For instance between the age 1995 and 2000, there were 71 executions on average all year. This led to a 44% in the rate of reported murders. Moreover, manners sentences cost between $1.2 billion $3.6 million dollars more compared with carrying out the death penalty. Moreover, the benefit of a justice system is fully appreciated when it addresses the problem in the most efficient fiscal manner. The c ost of death penalty cases average $2 million in taxpayers money. However, this figure is significantly lower compared to the costs of housing and caring for prisoners serving life sentences. Prisoners serving life sentences spend 30-40 years in prison creating an unnecessary burden on existing resources. Therefore, the economic benefit of the death penalty also forms a strong basis for promoting its acceptance.The death penalty largely serves and upholds the best interests of society. For instance, the biggest benefit of the justice system is ridding the society of killers, rapists, and other heinous criminals. Approximately 71% of American citizens support the death penalty. It would therefore be prudent to abolish executing hardcore criminals against this popular support. Moreover, are frequent, their direct effect on murder rates and other violent crimes rate is clearly evident. It is therefore worth appreciating that criminals are essentially incapacitated through execution the reby reducing the chances of reverberate offenders. Moreover, the public takes comfort in believing much(prenominal)(prenominal) prisoners are ultimately executed. Instances of prisoners serving life escaping, killing or stirring violence have further raised concern for upholding the death penalty. Continuous executions in China have significantly led to lower crime rates. Globally, China and Iran are adequately addressing crime through effective application of the death penalty.Arguments againstLargely, citizen myths about the death penalty appear in public opinion polls. Our nations capital supporters include within their ranks a committed, ideologically driven core of citizens and politicians. This group comprises of people whose devotion to the death penalty exists independently of changes in the legal culture, public opinion, or social cognizance research. Some Americans in this core group support the death sentence punishment in their gut. They assert its supposedly retribu tive, deterrent, therapeutic, or economic advantages without the hire for recourse to some(prenominal) social science confirmatory data. Some advocates express support for it even while acknowledging that it can be dirtyly applied, be ineffective, or even entail the conviction and sentencing of innocent people.The support for capital punishment must therefore consider such reservations about its shortcomings. Occasionally, this pro death penalty segment of the community finds its concepts of justice well served by deep-seated, perhaps unconscious, beliefs in myths about justice that override the shortcomings of our penal system. Proponents of capital punishment tell us that an executing government acts in the best interests of the entire community. An act of execution in this perspective appears as a way to re-assert, even re-invigorate, easily miss basic community values, like differences between right and wrong, responsibility for ones behavior, respecting other lives and lea rning consequences.The criminal justice system should always reflect the moral views of the society. Consequently, inflicting the penalty of death on its citizenry entirely violates religious teachings on the sanctity of life. Nationally, prosecutors charge death in less than one in every fifty-homicide prosecutions, signification that even before trial begins the odds in 98 percent of homicides favor a sentence less than death. At the sentencing end of the system, of the nationwide age bracket of murderers actually sentenced to death, only about one in eight of this group eventually suffers execution. Thus, nearly 90 percent of convicted murderers receiving a death sentence bilk execution, which means that even an imposed execution is unlikely to occur.If the death penalty is to appear certain to a potential murderer performing the premeditated cost-benefit calculus, these statistics would neediness to be reversed. The deterrent role of the death penalty is just not working. How ever, re-arranging the justice system to achieve such a reversal in these trends appears unrealistic given todays legal complexities. Our penal system suffers from a spiral of declining expectations of executions because of subjective prosecutorial discretion at its front end and appellate complexity at its screening end. In the front end, most homicides do not qualify statutorily for a death sentence. When one does qualify, such a sentence is unlikely to be sought by the prosecution. At the back end of the system, when it is imposed it is highly unlikely to be carried out. Therefore, rather than proclaiming execution certainty, our capital liturgy today sends a message proclaiming the exact opposite. There is high improbability of the death sentence being meted out on the accused.Proportional severity deterrent and economic theories of human nature both imply, that penalties must appear severe enough to a calculating criminal to outweigh the supposed benefits of crime. Ideally, i n making an economic enumeration of costs and benefits in a rational manner the would-be murderer consequently revert from committing the offence. Through the realization that the botheration of execution out-weighs the expected mental pleasures from the contemplated crime, homicides would be nonexistent. The founders of modern utilitarianism adopted this calculus to suggest to legislators that they could ensure that costs outweigh the pleasures of crime by the simple expedient of increasing the degree of pain inflicted. However, the growing statistics of homicide dispute this argument that the severity of a painful punishment acts as a deterrent simply because the murderers anticipation of this brutal pain trumps any expected pleasure front the murder.Fairness in executionAs U.S. jurisprudence in the twentieth century has shown, the wealthy with their phalanx of high-priced lawyers get infract justice than the poor. In addition, besides the question of class, race is a huge fac tor. Black men in the South receive the death penalty in disproportionate numbers to whites. To make it worse, opponents cite statistics that show that black men who kill whites are executed at a higher rate than either blacks or whites who kill blacks. This racial impropriety alone should strike down the death penalty. Finally, the same crime calls for the death penalty in one place but not in others. This has consequently undermined the equal application of the death penalty. Prosecutor discretion is often put in question as to indiscriminate application as regards the death penalty.However, proponents say the death penalty is fair. The fact that the administration of the death penalty varies from place to place reflects the diversity of the nation. Moreover, every crime is unique, and every jurisdiction has the right to administer justice within the demands of its own community. Since the Supreme Court demands individual attention to each case and rejects the idea of a mandatory death penalty, the differences among jurisdictions indicate the independence of the justice system rather than compromise it.Supporters further argue that the racial statistics are false. They claim that more crimes are committed by blacks than by whites, therefore more blacks get executed. However, the fact that not everyone who deserves to be executed is executed does not make the penalty unfair. The goal therefore should be to make sure, in most cases that those folks who deserve to be executed are. Supporters of the death penalty also argue that this is a cost-effective way to deal with the most sordid elements of society. However, as opponents argue, it can cost more to execute an individual than to incarcerate him for life.Justice requires the elimination of the unfair advantage. The criminal must repay their perceived debt to society. They must not be punished in the same way as his or her offense, but the punishment must fit the crime. The death penalty is modeled on the act getting an unfair advantage over others. The criminal may obtain an unfair advantage over others by evading taxes, by killing a rival for a job, or by stealing anothers purse. However, this model of unfair advantage does not work as well with sadistic crimes that may leave the criminal psychologically worse off. The rapist may be worse off, not better off, than before his crime. The terrorist who detonates a bomb on the crowded bus he is riding does not gain any advantage over others, for he no longer existsIf the death penalty deters possible murderers, the society should support some of its applications. For instance, it should apply to perpetrators who commit murder in the first degree. Alternatively, other heinous crimes such as burglary or rape also justify application of the death penalty.Argument forIt is reassert to punish criminals for raking unfair to discourage potential criminals from repeating such acts. Traditionally, deterrence has been given as a utilitarian ration ale for punishment, in which suffering imposed on actual criminals is justified by its tendency to counsel others from com-mining crimes, thereby reducing suffering overall. Far from being deserved by the criminal because of the evil she has done, punishment can work as deterrence even if the one punished is innocent and only publicly believed to be guilty. For the utilitarian, the relationship between guilt and punishment is a pragmatic one. We get a deterrent effect only if we punish individuals who are believed to be guilty. If individuals believed innocent were also punished, then citizens would not be able to avoid punishment by avoiding crime, and therefore there would be no incentive to do so. As a practical matter, the safest way to punish people who are believed guilty is to punish those who are guilty. However, they are not punished because they deserve it rather they are punished because it is the best way to get other people to refrain front committing crimes.Conclusio nsMost people strongly believe that the death penalty will deter murders more effectively than long-term imprisonment. However, there are many reasons for disputing this argument it. At the basic level of psychology, reflections on peoples behavior suggest that the fear of death is less powerful a motive than one might think. Statistical studies further fail to state conclusively that executions prevent homicides. Another significant finding is that executions simply do not deter crime more than other severe punishments. Finally, one might conclude that we just do not know and cannot know whether the death penalty saves lives. However, the death penalty can be justified as analogous to defensive killing only if it can be shown that it does save lives. Since that has not been shown, one cannot appeal to this protective function as providing a moral ground for its long term adoption.Punishment must he perceived as highly or absolutely certain to follow crime. much(prenominal) punishm ent must therefore appear roughly proportionate in view of the original crime. Moreover, it must always be applied to uphold social principles and values. Most critically, the threat of punishment must always yield effective results of deterring crime as the actual punishment itself.

Hypothetical Consent and Political Legitimacy Essay -- What is Politics

ABSTRACT A commonly needed criticism of the affectionate contract approach to justifying policy-making authority targets the notion of sibylline consent. Hypothetical contracts, it is argued, are not binding therefore hypothetical consent cannot justify governmental authority. I argue that although hypothetical consent may not be capable of creating political obligation, it has the power to legitimate political arrangements. Hypothetical Consent and exculpationA commonly accepted criticism of the social contract approach to justifying political authority targets the idea of hypothetical consent. Since only actual agreements are binding, the channel goes, citizens are not bound to obey their governments on the ground that, under circumstances different from the ones in which they now find themselves, they would have agreed to drive to its authority. (1) The purpose of this paper is to rescue hypothetical consent from this objection. I begin by distinguishing political legitima cy from political obligation. (2) I argue that while hypothetical consent may not serve as an adequate ground for political obligation, it is capable of grounding political legitimacy.I understand a guess of political legitimacy to give an account of the justice of political arrangements. (3) I understand a theory of political obligation to give an account of why and under what conditions, citizens are morally required to obey the rules constituting those arrangements. The social contract tradition offers us hypothetical consent theories of both political obligation and political legitimacy, frequently neglecting to distinguish the two ideas. Likewise, the common objection to hypothetical consent theories that hypothetical contracts do not bind ... ...vice of representation.(14) For an argument that no contractual agreement on the two principles of justice occurs in the original position and that therefore the two principles are not justified by a contract, hold Jean Hampton, C ontracts and Choices Does Rawls Have a Social Contract Theory? The Journal of Philosophy 77, 6 (June 1980) 315-38.(15) As Jeremy Waldron maintains, When we move from asking what people actually accept to asking what they would accept under certain conditions, we shift our emphasis away from the leave behind and focus on the reasons that people might have for exercising their will in one way rather than another. Waldron, p. 55.(16) This objection is due to Bruce Landesman.(17) For a discussion of this distinction and the relation between the reasonable and the rational, see Rawls, PL, pp. 48-54.(18) See Freeman, pp. 123-31.

An Examination of Visual Agnosia Essay -- Term Papers Research

An Examination of Visual Agnosia Imagine a detective requesting you to copy a picture. Its a plain task. You move your instrument of illustration across a sheet of blank paper with ease, glancing from the given picture to your own sketch in progress. When you ar finished you observe a satisfactory replica and feel a sense of accomplishment and proficiency with the similarity you have achieved between picture and sketch. Then the researcher queries whether you can tell him what you have drawn. You search the interconnected lines, the edges, and the shapes of your sketch but cannot answer what the picture represents. Finally, an explanation is given. You have just drawn a house- a simple triangle resting on top of a square. Your sense of accomplishment is quickly replaced with a feeling of despair.Visual agnosia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize familiar objects (Farah, 1990). Object recognition is the ability to place an object in a category of meaning. Most cases of visual agnosia are brought rough through cerebral vascular accidents or traumatic brain injury typically inhibiting sufficient amounts of oxygen from reaching vital body tissues (Zoltan, 1996). There are a vast array of impaired abilities and deficits associated with individuals diagnosed with visual agnosia. These impairments vary considerably from individual to individual (Farah, 1990). Some patients cannot recognize pictures of things such as trees and birds, despite beingness able to describe such objects or recognize them through other senses such as sound and touch. Other patients demonstrate an inability to recognize faces of friends and family members (Goodale, 1995). The operative impairments experienced as a r... ...idence. Neuropsychologia, 29, 949-958.Farah, M.J. Relations Among the Agnosias. incase Studies in the Neuropsychology of Vision. The Psychology Press UK, 1999. (9) 181.Goodale, M.A. (1995) Perceiving the World and Grasping It Is ther e a difference? Lancet, 343, 930.Humphreys, G.W. Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Vision. The Psychology Press UK, 1999. Sajda P. & Finkle, L.H. (1995) Intermediate Visual Representations and the Construction of Surface Perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 267-291.Vecera, S.P. & Gilds, K.S. (1998) What Processing is Impaired in Apperceptive Agnosia assure from Normal Subjects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10 (5), p.568Zoltan, B. Vision, Perception, & Cognition A Manuel for the Evaluation and Treatment of the Neurologically Impaired Adult. Slack Incorporated New Jersey, 1996. 109-111.